Hi Mikkel,
I understand adding a profile doesn't fix the issue. To determine the root cause of the issue, please perform the following tests:
1. Test Outlook Anywhere on https://testconnectivity.microsoft.com/> Office 365 > Outlook Connectivity.
2. Set up the account on another Mac.
3. Set up another Office 365 account on this Mac.
However, I notice the language on the screenshot is not English which is a bittle hard for us to understand. It is recommended to use English in the English forum.
Thanks for your time and understanding.
Regards,
Xinyu